Via John Battelle, Rick Skrenta’s remarkable piece on what Google have actually built. They don’t just have the world’s best search engine, they have the world’s largest and most scalable platform for developing huge web-based applications.
Google has taken the last 10 years of systems software research out of university labs, and built their own proprietary, production quality system. What is this platform that Google is building? It’s a distributed computing platform that can manage web-scale datasets on 100,000 node server clusters. It includes a petabyte, distributed, fault tolerant filesystem, distributed RPC code, probably network shared memory and process migration. And a datacenter management system which lets a handful of ops engineers effectively run 100,000 servers. Any of these projects could be the sole focus of a startup.
[ ... ]
While competitors are targeting the individual applications Google has deployed, Google is building a massive, general purpose computing platform for web-scale programming.
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Sunday, February 28, 2010
Financial Expenses
These comprise:
(a) Discount allowed
(b) Interest on Capital
(c) Interest on loan
(d) Discount Charges on bill discounted
(a) Discount allowed
(b) Interest on Capital
(c) Interest on loan
(d) Discount Charges on bill discounted
Administrative Expenses.
These include:
(a) Office salaries & wages
(b) Insurance
(c) Legal expenses
(d) Trade expenses
(e) Rates & taxes
(f) Audit fees
(g) Insurance
(h) Rent
(i) Printing and stationery
(j) Postage and telegrams
(k) Bank charges
(a) Office salaries & wages
(b) Insurance
(c) Legal expenses
(d) Trade expenses
(e) Rates & taxes
(f) Audit fees
(g) Insurance
(h) Rent
(i) Printing and stationery
(j) Postage and telegrams
(k) Bank charges
Closing Entries pertaining to trading Account
For transferring various accounts relating to goods and buying expenses, following closing entries recorded:
(i) For opening Stock: Debit trading account and credit stock account
(ii) For purchases: Debit trading account and credit purchases account, the amount being the et amount after deducting purchases returns.
(iii) For purchases returns: Debit purchases return account and credit purchases account.
(iv) For returns inwards: Debit sales account and credit sales return account
(v) For direct expenses: Debit trading account and credit direct expenses accounts individually.
(vi) For sales: Debit sales account and credit trading account. We will find that all the accounts as mentioned above will be closed with the exception of trading account
(vii) For closing stock: Debit closing stock account and credit trading account After recording above entries the trading account will be balanced and difference of two sides ascertained. If credit side is more the result is gross profit for which following entry is recorded.
(viii) For gross profit: Debit trading account and credit profit and loss account If the result is gross loss the above entry is reversed.
Profit and Loss Account
The profit and loss account is opened by recording the gross profit (on credit side) or gross loss (debit side).
For earning net profit a businessman has to incur many more expenses in addition to the direct expenses. Those expenses are deducted from profit (or added to gross loss), the resultant figure will be net profit or net loss.
The expenses which are recorded in profit and loss account are ailed 'indirect expenses'. These be classified as follows:
Selling and distribution expenses.
These comprise of following expenses:
(a) Salesmen's salary and commission
(b) Commission to agents
(c) Freight & carriage on sales
(d) Sales tax
(e) Bad debts
(f) Advertising
(g) Packing expenses
(h) Export duty
(i) For opening Stock: Debit trading account and credit stock account
(ii) For purchases: Debit trading account and credit purchases account, the amount being the et amount after deducting purchases returns.
(iii) For purchases returns: Debit purchases return account and credit purchases account.
(iv) For returns inwards: Debit sales account and credit sales return account
(v) For direct expenses: Debit trading account and credit direct expenses accounts individually.
(vi) For sales: Debit sales account and credit trading account. We will find that all the accounts as mentioned above will be closed with the exception of trading account
(vii) For closing stock: Debit closing stock account and credit trading account After recording above entries the trading account will be balanced and difference of two sides ascertained. If credit side is more the result is gross profit for which following entry is recorded.
(viii) For gross profit: Debit trading account and credit profit and loss account If the result is gross loss the above entry is reversed.
Profit and Loss Account
The profit and loss account is opened by recording the gross profit (on credit side) or gross loss (debit side).
For earning net profit a businessman has to incur many more expenses in addition to the direct expenses. Those expenses are deducted from profit (or added to gross loss), the resultant figure will be net profit or net loss.
The expenses which are recorded in profit and loss account are ailed 'indirect expenses'. These be classified as follows:
Selling and distribution expenses.
These comprise of following expenses:
(a) Salesmen's salary and commission
(b) Commission to agents
(c) Freight & carriage on sales
(d) Sales tax
(e) Bad debts
(f) Advertising
(g) Packing expenses
(h) Export duty
Usual Items in a Trading Account
A) Debit Side
1. Opening Stock. It is the stock which remained unsold at the end of previous year. It must have been brought into books with the help of opening entry; so it always appears inside the trial balance. Generally, it is shown as first item at the debit side of trading account. Of course, in the first year of a business there will be no opening stock.
2. Purchases. It is normally second item on the debit side of trading account. 'Purchases' mean total purchases i.e. cash plus credit purchases. Any return outwards (purchases return) should be deducted out of purchases to find out the net purchases. Sometimes goods are received before the relevant invoice from the supplier. In such a situation, on the date of preparing final accounts an entry should be passed to debit the purchases account and to credit the suppliers' account with the cost of goods.
3. Buying Expenses. All expenses relating to purchase of goods are also debited in the trading account. These include-wages, carriage inwards freight, duty, clearing charges, dock charges, excise duty, octroi and import duty etc.
4. Manufacturing Expenses. Such expenses are incurred by businessmen to manufacture or to render the goods in saleable condition viz., motive power, gas fuel, stores, royalties, factory expenses, foreman and supervisor's salary etc.
Though manufacturing expenses are strictly to be taken in the manufacturing account since we are preparing only trading account, expenses of this type may also be included in the trading account.
(B) Credit Side
1. Sales. Sales mean total sales i.e. cash plus credit sales. If there are any sales returns, these should be deducted from sales. So net sales are credited to trading account. If an asset of the firm has been sold, it should not be included in the sales.
2. Closing Stock. It is the value of stock lying unsold in the godown or shop on the last date of accounting period. Normally closing stock is given outside the trial balance in that case it is shown on the credit side of trading account. But if it is given inside the trial balance, it is not to be shown on the credit side of trading account but appears only in the balance sheet as asset. Closing stock should be valued at cost or market price whichever is less.
Valuation of Closing Stock
The ascertain the value of closing stock it is necessary to make a complete inventory or list of all the items in the god own together with quantities. On the basis of physical observation the stock lists are prepared and the value of total stock is calculated on the basis of unit value. Thus, it is clear that stock-taking entails (i) inventorying, (ii) pricing. Each item is priced at cost, unless the market price is lower. Pricing an inventory at cost is easy if cost remains fixed. But prices remain fluctuating; so the valuation of stock is done on the basis of one of many valuation methods.
The preparation of trading account helps the trade to know the relationship between the costs be incurred and the revenues earned and the level of efficiency with which operations have been conducted. The ratio of gross profit to sales is very significant: it is arrived at :
Gross Profit X 100 / Sales
With the help of G.P. ratio he can ascertain as to how efficiently he is running the business higher the ratio, better will be the efficiency.
1. Opening Stock. It is the stock which remained unsold at the end of previous year. It must have been brought into books with the help of opening entry; so it always appears inside the trial balance. Generally, it is shown as first item at the debit side of trading account. Of course, in the first year of a business there will be no opening stock.
2. Purchases. It is normally second item on the debit side of trading account. 'Purchases' mean total purchases i.e. cash plus credit purchases. Any return outwards (purchases return) should be deducted out of purchases to find out the net purchases. Sometimes goods are received before the relevant invoice from the supplier. In such a situation, on the date of preparing final accounts an entry should be passed to debit the purchases account and to credit the suppliers' account with the cost of goods.
3. Buying Expenses. All expenses relating to purchase of goods are also debited in the trading account. These include-wages, carriage inwards freight, duty, clearing charges, dock charges, excise duty, octroi and import duty etc.
4. Manufacturing Expenses. Such expenses are incurred by businessmen to manufacture or to render the goods in saleable condition viz., motive power, gas fuel, stores, royalties, factory expenses, foreman and supervisor's salary etc.
Though manufacturing expenses are strictly to be taken in the manufacturing account since we are preparing only trading account, expenses of this type may also be included in the trading account.
(B) Credit Side
1. Sales. Sales mean total sales i.e. cash plus credit sales. If there are any sales returns, these should be deducted from sales. So net sales are credited to trading account. If an asset of the firm has been sold, it should not be included in the sales.
2. Closing Stock. It is the value of stock lying unsold in the godown or shop on the last date of accounting period. Normally closing stock is given outside the trial balance in that case it is shown on the credit side of trading account. But if it is given inside the trial balance, it is not to be shown on the credit side of trading account but appears only in the balance sheet as asset. Closing stock should be valued at cost or market price whichever is less.
Valuation of Closing Stock
The ascertain the value of closing stock it is necessary to make a complete inventory or list of all the items in the god own together with quantities. On the basis of physical observation the stock lists are prepared and the value of total stock is calculated on the basis of unit value. Thus, it is clear that stock-taking entails (i) inventorying, (ii) pricing. Each item is priced at cost, unless the market price is lower. Pricing an inventory at cost is easy if cost remains fixed. But prices remain fluctuating; so the valuation of stock is done on the basis of one of many valuation methods.
The preparation of trading account helps the trade to know the relationship between the costs be incurred and the revenues earned and the level of efficiency with which operations have been conducted. The ratio of gross profit to sales is very significant: it is arrived at :
Gross Profit X 100 / Sales
With the help of G.P. ratio he can ascertain as to how efficiently he is running the business higher the ratio, better will be the efficiency.
Trading and Profit and Loss Account
Trading Account
As already discussed, first section of trading and profit and loss account is called trading account. The aim of preparing trading account is to find out gross profit or gross loss while that of second section is to find out net profit or net loss.
Preparation of Trading Account
Trading account is prepared mainly to know the profitability of the goods bought (or manufactured) sold by the businessman. The difference between selling price and cost of goods sold is the,5 earning of the businessman. Thus in order to calculate the gross earning, it is necessary to know:
(a) cost of goods sold.
(b) sales.
Total sales can be ascertained from the sales ledger. The cost of goods sold is, however, calculated. n order to calculate the cost of sales it is necessary to know its meaning. The 'cost of goods' includes the purchase price of the goods plus expenses relating to purchase of goods and brining the goods to the place of business. In order to calculate the cost of goods " we should deduct from the total cost of goods purchased the cost of goods in hand. We can study this phenomenon with the help of following formula:
Opening stock + cost of purchases - closing stock = cost of sales
As already discussed that the purpose of preparing trading account is to calculate the gross profit of the business. It can be described as excess of amount of 'Sales' over 'Cost of Sales'. This definition can be explained in terms of following equation:
Gross Profit = Sales-Cost of goods sold or (Sales + Closing Stock) -(Stock in the beginning + Purchases + Direct Expenses)
The opening stock and purchases along with buying and bringing expenses (direct exp.) are recorded the debit side whereas sales and closing stock is recorded on the credit side. If credit side is Jeater than the debit side the difference is written on the debit side as gross profit which is ultimately recorded on the credit side of profit and loss account. When the debit side exceeds the credit side, the difference is gross loss which is recorded at credit side and ultimately shown on the debit side of profit & loss account.
As already discussed, first section of trading and profit and loss account is called trading account. The aim of preparing trading account is to find out gross profit or gross loss while that of second section is to find out net profit or net loss.
Preparation of Trading Account
Trading account is prepared mainly to know the profitability of the goods bought (or manufactured) sold by the businessman. The difference between selling price and cost of goods sold is the,5 earning of the businessman. Thus in order to calculate the gross earning, it is necessary to know:
(a) cost of goods sold.
(b) sales.
Total sales can be ascertained from the sales ledger. The cost of goods sold is, however, calculated. n order to calculate the cost of sales it is necessary to know its meaning. The 'cost of goods' includes the purchase price of the goods plus expenses relating to purchase of goods and brining the goods to the place of business. In order to calculate the cost of goods " we should deduct from the total cost of goods purchased the cost of goods in hand. We can study this phenomenon with the help of following formula:
Opening stock + cost of purchases - closing stock = cost of sales
As already discussed that the purpose of preparing trading account is to calculate the gross profit of the business. It can be described as excess of amount of 'Sales' over 'Cost of Sales'. This definition can be explained in terms of following equation:
Gross Profit = Sales-Cost of goods sold or (Sales + Closing Stock) -(Stock in the beginning + Purchases + Direct Expenses)
The opening stock and purchases along with buying and bringing expenses (direct exp.) are recorded the debit side whereas sales and closing stock is recorded on the credit side. If credit side is Jeater than the debit side the difference is written on the debit side as gross profit which is ultimately recorded on the credit side of profit and loss account. When the debit side exceeds the credit side, the difference is gross loss which is recorded at credit side and ultimately shown on the debit side of profit & loss account.
Thursday, February 18, 2010
Magic Pen Camera
Magic Pen 2 GB Camera
Model No: [M-Pen 2GB]
Manufacturer:
Availability: Out of Stock
Average Customer Rating
Product Code: S104
Delivery Time: 24-48 Hours
Shipping Charges: FREE to Pakistan
Our Price:
PKR.3,500
Monday, February 8, 2010
Welcome to Clark’s Trading Post
Home of Clark’s Trained Bears and the White Mountain Central Railroad
In 1928 Florence and Ed Clark opened a roadside attraction for White Mountain travelers in Lincoln NH. “Ed Clark’s Eskimo Sled Dog Ranch,” featured guided tours of their pure-bred Eskimo sled dogs and artifacts from the far North. The original “Stand,” or Trading Post, offered souvenirs, tonic, and maple candy to the motorists on nearby Route 3.
Florence and Ed purchased their first Black Bear in 1931. Clark’s Bears acted as the perfect “stopper,” a visible attraction, gaining the attention of the curious passer-by. Starting in 1949 Edward and Murray, sons of Florence and Ed, began teaching and training the bears for show work. The Clark brothers and their bears, delighted guests with a healthy dose of wit, humor, and hospitality as they entertained and educated the audience. The Bear Show was born!
Generations later, that philosophy lives on as the Clark’s offer visitors the best in family entertainment and good honest fun. You’ll find it all here- an excursion on The White Mountain Central Railroad through our authentic covered bridge and into Wolfman’s territory. Browse museums filled with Americana, witness, the extraordinary stunts of the Yandong Chinese Acrobatic Troupe and visit our many unique shops. Don’t forget our featured attraction The Bear Show—a truly original experience. All this and more await you, at Clark’s Trading Post—a White Mountain classic.
Wolfman’s Segway© Park & Safari
Now Open at Clark’s
Sunday, February 7, 2010
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